Add option to exclude headers from clang-tidy analysis (#91400)

This is a renewed attempt to land @toddlipcon's D34654. The comments on
that patch indicate a broad desire for some ability to ignore headers.

After considering various options, including migrating to std::regex, I
believe this is the best path forward. It's intuitive to have separate
regexes for including headers versus excluding them, and this approach
has the added benefit of being completely opt-in. No existing configs
will break, regardless of existing HeaderFilterRegex values.

This functionality is useful for improving performance when analyzing a
targeted subset of code, as well as in cases where some collection of
headers cannot be modified (third party source, for example).