[libc] add inttypes macros (#80726)

Standard file:
https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799.2018edition/

Notice that we are not quite the same as other implementations:
1. MUSL: https://github.com/bminor/musl/blob/master/include/inttypes.h
2. GLIBC:
https://github.com/bminor/glibc/blob/bbd248ac0d75efdef8fe61ea69b1fb25fb95b6e7/stdlib/inttypes.h#L57
3. CheriBSD:
https://github.com/CTSRD-CHERI/cheribsd/blob/698d1636dd1fe2322e5bc7029e415928c80b76b1/sys/arm64/include/_inttypes.h

fixes #80186