[libc] Provide an implementation of the 'stdint.h' header (#83353)

Summary:
I've noticed one problem is that the user includes `stdint.h` the
compiler will do `#include_next <stdint.h>` potentially into a
conflicting implementation on systems with multiple headers installed.
The `clang` header is standards compliant and works with `clang` and
`gcc` which are both of our targets, so I simply copied it here. This
has the effect of including `stdint.h` on clang / LLVM libc behaving the
same as `-ffreestanding`.