Fix parsing of enum-base to follow C++11 rules.

Previously we implemented non-standard disambiguation rules to
distinguish an enum-base from a bit-field but otherwise treated a :
after an elaborated-enum-specifier as introducing an enum-base. That
misparses various examples (anywhere an elaborated-type-specifier can
appear followed by a colon, such as within a ternary operator or
_Generic).

We now implement the C++11 rules, with the old cases accepted as
extensions where that seemed reasonable. These amount to:
 * an enum-base must always be accompanied by an enum definition (except
   in a standalone declaration of the form 'enum E : T;')
 * in a member-declaration, 'enum E :' always introduces an enum-base,
   never a bit-field
 * in a type-specifier (or similar context), 'enum E :' is not
   permitted; the colon means whatever else it would mean in that
   context.

Fixed underlying types for enums are also permitted in Objective-C and
under MS extensions, plus as a language extension in all other mod...