[clang-format] Add SpacesInParens with SpacesInParensOptions

This is a refactoring of:
- SpacesInConditionalStatement
- SpacesInCStyleCastParentheses
- SpaceInEmptyParentheses
- SpacesInParentheses

These are now options under the new Style Option: SpacesInParens. The
existing options are maintained for backward compatibility.

Within SpacesInParens, there are currently options for:
- Never
- Custom

The currently available options for Custom are:
- InConditionalStatements
- InCStyleCasts
- InEmptyParentheses
- Other

Setting InConditionalStatements and Other to true enables the same space
additions as SpacesInParentheses.

This refactoring does not add or remove any existing features, but it makes
it possible to more easily extend and maintain the addition of spaces within
parentheses.

Related to #55428.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D155239