[OpenMP] Introduce kernel environment

This patch introduces per kernel environment. Previously, flags such as execution mode are set through global variables with name like `__kernel_name_exec_mode`. They are accessible on the host by reading the corresponding global variable, but not from the device. Besides, some assumptions, such as no nested parallelism, are not per kernel basis, preventing us applying per kernel optimization in the device runtime.

This is a combination and refinement of patch series D116908, D116909, and D116910.

Depend on D155886.

Reviewed By: jdoerfert

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D142569