C API: support scalable vectors

This adds support for scalable vector types in the C API and in
llvm-c-test, and also adds a test to ensure that llvm-c-test can properly
roundtrip operations involving scalable vectors.

While creating this diff, I discovered that the C API cannot properly roundtrip
_constant expressions_ involving shufflevector / scalable vectors, but that
seems to be a separate enough issue that I plan to address it in a future diff
(unless reviewers feel it should be addressed here).

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D89816