[clang] Use -std=c++23 instead of -std=c++2b

During the ISO C++ Committee meeting plenary session the C++23 Standard
has been voted as technical complete.

This updates the reference to c++2b to c++23 and updates the __cplusplus
macro.

Drive-by fixes c++1z -> c++17 and c++2a -> c++20 when seen.

Reviewed By: aaron.ballman

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D149553