[clang-cl] Add support for [[msvc::constexpr]] C++11 attribute (#71300)

This commit introduces support for the MSVC-specific C++11-style
attribute `[[msvc::constexpr]]`, which was introduced in MSVC 14.33.
The semantics of this attribute are enabled only under
MSVC compatibility (`-fms-compatibility-version`) 14.33 and higher.
Additionally, the default value of `_MSC_VER` has been raised to 1433.

The current implementation lacks support for:
- `[[msvc::constexpr]]` constructors (see #72149);
  at the time of this implementation, such support would have required
  an unreasonable number of changes in Clang.
- `[[msvc::constexpr]] return ::new` (constexpr placement new) from
  non-std namespaces (see #74924).

Relevant to: #57696