[libc++] Add test and remove workaround for PR13592

PR13592 was caused by a problem in how to compiler implemented the
__is_convertible_to intrinsic. That problem, reported as PR13591,
was fixed back in 2012. We don't support such old versions of Clang
anyway, so we don't need the library workaround that had been added
to solve PR13592 (while waiting for the compiler fix).