[ItaniumDemangle] reject A-F in FP literals (#82864)

The Itanium C++ ABI specifies that FP literals are encoded using a
lowercase hexadecimal string. Previously, libc++abi allowed uppercase
A-F characters but decoded them by subtracting 'a' from them, producing
negative digit values. It is especially confusing to accept an 'E' digit
because 'E' marks the end of the FP literal.