[libc++] Use the using_if_exists attribute when provided

As discussed on cfe-dev [1], use the using_if_exists Clang attribute when
the compiler supports it. This makes it easier to port libc++ on top of
new platforms that don't fully support the C Standard library.

Previously, libc++ would fail to build when trying to import a missing
declaration in a <cXXXX> header. With the attribute, the declaration will
simply not be imported into namespace std, and hence it won't be available
for libc++ to use. In many cases, the declarations were *not* actually
required for libc++ to work (they were only surfaced for users to use
them as std::XXXX), so not importing them into namespace std is acceptable.

The same thing could be achieved by conscious usage of `#ifdef` along
with platform detection, however that quickly creates a maintenance
problem as libc++ is ported to new platforms. Furthermore, this problem
is exacerbated when mixed with vendor internal-only platforms, which can
lead to difficulties maintaining...