[ValueTracking] Fix KnownBits conflict for calls (range vs returned) (#84353)

If a function only exits for certain input values we can still derive
that an argument is "returned". We can also derive range metadata that
describe the possible value range returned by the function. However, it
turns out that those two analyses can result in conflicting information.

Example:
  declare i16 @foo(i16 returned)
  ...
  %A = call i16 @foo(i16 4095), !range !{i16 32, i16 33}

To avoid "Bits known to be one AND zero?" assertion failures we know
make sure to discard the known bits for this kind of scenario.