[RISCV][MC] Implement mapping symbols

Mapping symbols [1] are special ELF symbols that can be inserted to
indicate regions of code or data. A sequence of data bytes is indicated
by a `$d` (or `$d.<any>`) symbol pointing to its start while a sequence
of instructions uses a `$x` (or `$x.<any>`) symbol. This can be used,
for example, to assist disassembling a memory region containing both
data and code.

This patch implements mapping symbols for RISC-V, copying the
implementation mostly from the AArch64 target.

Note that the `$x<ISA>` mapping symbol, indicating an instruction
sequence with a specific ISA extension, is not implemented by this
patch. As far as I can tell, binutils doesn't implement this yet either.

Note that this patch uses the same symbol naming convention as the
AArch64 target: always use `$x.i` and `$d.i` (where `i` is a
monotonically increasing counter). This differs from binutils where all
symbols are named `$x` or `$d` (causing multiple symbol having the same
name). I'm not not sure whether it makes more sense to avoid duplicate
symbol names or be consistent with binutils.

Note that the handling of nop-slides inserted for alignment differs from
binutils: binutils always marks the nops as instructions (`$x`) while
this patch doesn't insert a symbol for the nops (so the last inserted
symbol is used). I believe binutil's behavior makes most sense but this
seems difficult to implement in LLVM as the insertion of nops is handled
by `RISCVAsmBackend`. At this point, inserting ELF symbols seems
impossible. Any ideas for how to handle this would be appreciated.

[1]: https://github.com/riscv-non-isa/riscv-elf-psabi-doc/blob/master/riscv-elf.adoc#mapping-symbol

Depends on D156190 and D156236

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D153260