Reapply "[DebugInfo] Alternate (more efficient) MD5 fix"

D155991 changed the file lookup to do a full string compare on the
filename; however, this added ~0.5% to compile time with -g.
Go back to the previous pointer-based lookup, but capture the main
file's checksum as well as its name to use when creating the extra
DIFile entry. This causes all entries to be consistent and also
avoids computing the checksum twice.

This reverts commit 5956648f.
There was a string lifetime issue that is now corrected.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D156571

(cherry picked from commit 1fcc2bc3)