[LTO] Improve diagnostics handling when parsing module-level inline assembly (#75726)

Non-LTO compiles set the buffer name to "<inline asm>"
(`AsmPrinter::addInlineAsmDiagBuffer`) and pass diagnostics to
`ClangDiagnosticHandler` (through the `MCContext` handler in
`MachineModuleInfoWrapperPass::doInitialization`) to ensure that
the exit code is 1 in the presence of errors. In contrast, LTO compiles
spuriously succeed even if error messages are printed.

```
% cat a.c
void _start() {}
asm("unknown instruction");
% clang -c a.c
<inline asm>:1:1: error: invalid instruction mnemonic 'unknown'
    1 | unknown instruction
      | ^
1 error generated.
% clang -c -flto a.c; echo $?  # -flto=thin is the same
error: invalid instruction mnemonic 'unknown'
unknown instruction
^~~~~~~
error: invalid instruction mnemonic 'unknown'
unknown instruction
^~~~~~~
0
```

`CollectAsmSymbols` parses inline assembly and is transitively called by
both `ModuleSummaryIndexAnalysis::run` and `WriteBitcode...