Re-apply "Revert "[DebugInfo] Add error checking around data extraction in...

Re-apply "Revert "[DebugInfo] Add error checking around data extraction in DWARFAbbreviationDeclaration::extract""

This reverts commit 11d61c07 to re-apply
6836a47b with modifications.

Specifically, the errors in DWARFAbbreviationDeclaration::extract needed
to be moved as they are returned to ensure the right Error constructor
is selected.