[clang] SIGSEGV at DeduceTemplateArgumentsByTypeMatch

There is a SIGSEGV at `DeduceTemplateArgumentsByTypeMatch`. The bug [#51171](https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=51171) was filled. The reproducer can be found at the bug description.

LIT test for the issue was added:
```
./bin/llvm-lit -v ../clang/test/SemaCXX/pr51171-crash.cpp
```

The debug stack trace is below:
```
 #0 0x00000000055afcb9 llvm::sys::PrintStackTrace(llvm::raw_ostream&, int) /home/ivanmurashko/local/llvm-project/llvm/lib/Support/Unix/Signals.inc:565:22
 #1 0x00000000055afd70 PrintStackTraceSignalHandler(void*) /home/ivanmurashko/local/llvm-project/llvm/lib/Support/Unix/Signals.inc:632:1
 #2 0x00000000055add2d llvm::sys::RunSignalHandlers() /home/ivanmurashko/local/llvm-project/llvm/lib/Support/Signals.cpp:97:20
 #3 0x00000000055af701 SignalHandler(int) /home/ivanmurashko/local/llvm-project/llvm/lib/Support/Unix/Signals.inc:407:1
 #4 0x00007ffff7bc2b20 __restore_rt sigaction.c:0:0
 #5 0x00007ffff66a337f raise (/lib64/libc.so.6+0x373...