Reapply [TLI] Fix replace-with-veclib crash with invalid arguments (#77112)

Fix a crash of `replace-with-veclib` pass, when the arguments of the TLI
mapping do not match the original call.
Now, it simply ignores such cases.

Test require assertions as it accesses programmatically the debug log.

NOTE: Originally submitted by commit 9fdc5688, which was reverted by
a300b240, as it was causing some linking issues:
https://lab.llvm.org/buildbot/#/builders/234/builds/17734