[flang][driver] Fix `-fdebug-dump-provenance`

The -fdebug-dump-provenance flag is meant to be used with
needProvenanceRangeToCharBlockMappings set to true. This way, extra
mapping is generated that allows e.g. IDEs to retrieve symbol's scope
(offset into cooked character stream) based on symbol's source code
location. This patch makes sure that this option is set when using
-fdebug-dump-provenance.

With this patch, the implementation of  -fdebug-dump-provenance in
`flang-new -fc1` becomes consistent with `f18`. The corresponding LIT
test is updated so that it can be shared with `f18`. I refined it a bit
so that:
  * it becomes a frontend-only test
  * it's stricter about the expected output

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D98847