[Sanitizer] Support -fwrapv with -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow (#82432)

Clang has a `signed-integer-overflow` sanitizer to catch arithmetic
overflow; however, most of its instrumentation [fails to
apply](https://godbolt.org/z/ee41rE8o6) when `-fwrapv` is enabled; this
is by design.

The Linux kernel enables `-fno-strict-overflow` which implies `-fwrapv`.
This means we are [currently unable to detect signed-integer
wrap-around](https://github.com/KSPP/linux/issues/26). All the while,
the root cause of many security vulnerabilities in the Linux kernel is
[arithmetic overflow](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/190.html

).

To work around this and enhance the functionality of
`-fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow`, we instrument signed arithmetic
even if the signed overflow behavior is defined.

Co-authored-by: Justin Stitt <justinstitt@google.com>