[mlir][Memref] Add memref.memory_space_cast and its lowerings

Address space casts are present in common MLIR targets (LLVM, SPIRV).
Some planned rewrites (such as one of the potential fixes to the fact
that the AMDGPU backend requires alloca() to live in address space 5 /
the GPU private memory space) may require such casts to be inserted
into MLIR code, where those address spaces could be represented by
arbitrary memory space attributes.

Therefore, we define memref.memory_space_cast and its lowerings.

Depends on D141293

Reviewed By: ftynse

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D141148