[sanitizer] Define SANITIZER_GLIBC to refine SANITIZER_LINUX feature detection and support musl

Several `#if SANITIZER_LINUX && !SANITIZER_ANDROID` guards are replaced
with the more appropriate `#if SANITIZER_GLIBC` (the headers are glibc
extensions, not specific to Linux (i.e. if we ever support GNU/kFreeBSD
or Hurd, the guards may automatically work)).

Several `#if SANITIZER_LINUX && !SANITIZER_ANDROID` guards are refined
with `#if SANITIZER_GLIBC` (the definitions are available on Linux glibc,
but may not be available on other libc (e.g. musl) implementations).

This patch makes `ninja asan cfi lsan msan stats tsan ubsan xray` build on a musl based Linux distribution (apk install musl-libintl)
Notes about disabled interceptors for musl:

* `SANITIZER_INTERCEPT_GLOB`: musl does not implement `GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC` (GNU extension)
* Some ioctl structs and functions operating on them.
* `SANITIZER_INTERCEPT___PRINTF_CHK`: `_FORTIFY_SOURCE` functions are GNU extension
* `SANITIZER_INTERCEPT___STRNDUP`: `dlsym(...