[MLIR][IR] Rewrite OperationVerifier using worklist

This diff switches OperationVerifier to using a worklist
rather than recursion. The exception is our handling of isolated regions,
it can still contain recursive calls, however, the parallel processing
of these regions is preserved. This fixes the crash of the "verifier"
on the input from https://github.com/llvm/circt/issues/5316
(but the IR printer would still crash with stack overflow).

Test plan: ninja check-mlir check-all

Differential revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D154925