[clang][lex] Introduce `ConstSearchDirIterator`

The `const DirectoryLookup *` out-parameter of `{HeaderSearch,Preprocessor}::LookupFile()` is assigned the most recently used search directory, which callers use to implement `#include_next`.

From the function signature it's not obvious the `const DirectoryLookup *` is being used as an iterator. This patch introduces `ConstSearchDirIterator` to make that affordance obvious. This would've prevented a bug that occurred after initially landing D116750.

Reviewed By: ahoppen

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D117566