Support: Make VarStreamArrayIterator iterate over const values

VarStreamArrayIterator returns a reference to a just-computed internal
value. Change it to iterate over `const ValueType` to avoid allowing
clients to mutate the internal state, and to drop the
non-`const`-qualified operator*().

The removed operator*() was from 175d70ee to get
iterator_facade_base::operator->() working, and this fixes the root
cause instead: setting `T` to `const ValueType` causes
iterator_facade_base to infer `PointerT` as `const ValueType*`.

Ironically, this is the last blocker for removing the const-incorrect
overload of `iterator_facade_base::operator->()`, whose presence
triggered adding the workaround in the first place :).

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D113797