[libc++][ranges][NFC] Implement the repetitive parts of the remaining range algorithms:

- create the headers (but not include them from `<algorithm>`);
- define the niebloid and its member functions with the right signatures
  (as no-ops);
- make sure all the right headers are included that are required by each
  algorithm's signature;
- update `CMakeLists.txt` and the module map;
- create the test files with the appropriate synopses.

The synopsis in `<algorithm>` is deliberately not updated because that
could be taken as a readiness signal. The new headers aren't included
from `<algorithm>` for the same reason.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D129549