[mlir][Transforms] `GreedyPatternRewriteDriver`: verify IR (#74270)

This commit adds an additional "expensive check" that verifies the IR
before starting a greedy pattern rewriter, after every pattern
application and after every folding. (Only if
`MLIR_ENABLE_EXPENSIVE_PATTERN_API_CHECKS` is set.)

It also adds an assertion that the `scope` region (part of
`GreedyRewriteConfig`) is not being erased as part of the greedy pattern
rewrite. That would break the scoping mechanism and the expensive
checks.

This commit does not fix any patterns, this is done in separate commits.