[libc++] Updates C++2b to C++23.

During the ISO C++ Committee meeting plenary session the C++23 Standard
has been voted as technical complete.

This updates the reference to c++2b to c++23 and updates the __cplusplus
macro.

Note since we use clang-tidy 16 a small work-around is needed. Clang
knows -std=c++23 but clang-tidy not so for now force the lit compiler
flag to use -std=c++2b instead of -std=c++23.

Reviewed By: #libc, philnik, jloser, ldionne

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D150795