[libc][NFC] Add supporting class for atof implementation

This change adds the High Precision Decimal described here:
https://nigeltao.github.io/blog/2020/parse-number-f64-simple.html
It will be used for the atof implementation later, but is complete and
tested now.

The code is inspired by the golang implmentation of the HPD class, which
can be found here: https://github.com/golang/go/blob/release-branch.go1.16/src/strconv/decimal.go

Reviewed By: sivachandra

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D110454