Reland "[clang][cli] CompilerInvocationTest: add tests for boolean options"

Add more tests of the command line marshalling infrastructure.

The new tests now make a "round-trip": from arguments, to CompilerInvocation instance to arguments again in a single test case.

The TODOs are resolved in a follow-up patch.

Depends on D92830.

Reviewed By: dexonsmith

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D92774