[WebAssembly] Implement an alternative translation for -wasm-enable-sjlj (#84137)

Instead of maintaining per-function-invocation malloc()'ed tables to track which functions each label belongs to, store the equivalent info in jump buffers (jmp_buf) themselves.

Also, use a less emscripten-looking ABI symbols:
```
    saveSetjmp     -> __wasm_setjmp
    testSetjmp      -> __wasm_setjmp_test
    getTempRet0    -> (removed)
    __wasm_longjmp  -> (no change)
```

While I want to use this for WASI, it should work for emscripten as well.

An example runtime and a few tests:
https://github.com/yamt/garbage/tree/wasm-sjlj-alt2/wasm/longjmp

wasi-libc version of the runtime:
https://github.com/WebAssembly/wasi-libc/pull/483

emscripten version of the runtime:
https://github.com/emscripten-core/emscripten/pull/21502

Discussion:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ZvTPT36K5jjiedF8MCXbEmYjULJjI723aOAks1IdLLg/edit