[mlir] add a dynamic user-after-parent-freed transform dialect check

In the transform dialect, a transform IR handle may be pointing to a payload IR
operation that is an ancestor of another payload IR operation pointed to by
another handle. If such a "parent" handle is consumed by a transformation, this
indicates that the associated operation is likely rewritten, which in turn
means that the "child" handle may now be associated with a dangling pointer or
a pointer to a different operation than originally. Add a handle invalidation
mechanism to guard against such situations by reporting errors at runtime.

Reviewed By: springerm

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D127480