[ConstFold] Support opaque pointers in constexpr GEPs

Support opaque pointers in SymbolicallyEvaluateGEP() by using the
value type of a GlobalValue base or falling back to i8 if there
isn't one. We don't unconditionally generate i8 GEPs here because
that would lose inrange attribues, and because some optimizations
on globals currently rely on GEP types (e.g. the globals SROA
mentioned in the comment).

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D109297