[llvm][vfs] Make vfs::FileSystem::exists() virtual NFC (#88575)

Allow a `vfs::FileSystem` to provide a more efficient implementation of
`exists()` if they are able to. The existing `FileSystem`
implementations continue to default to using `status()` except that
overlay, proxy, and redirecting filesystems are taught to forward calls
to `exists()` correctly to their wrapped/external filesystem.

Co-authored-by: Ben Langmuir <blangmuir@apple.com>