[libc][math] Implement log10 function correctly rounded for all rounding modes

Implement double precision log10 function correctly rounded for all
rounding modes.  This implementation currently needs FMA instructions for
correctness.

Use 2 passes:
Fast pass:
- 1 step range reduction with a lookup table of `2^7 = 128` elements to reduce the ranges to `[-2^-7, 2^-7]`.
- Use a degree-7 minimax polynomial generated by Sollya, evaluated using a mixed of double-double and double precisions.
- Apply Ziv's test for accuracy.
Accurate pass:
- Apply 5 more range reduction steps to reduce the ranges further to [-2^-27, 2^-27].
- Use a degree-4 minimax polynomial generated by Sollya, evaluated using 192-bit precisions.
- By the result of Lefevre (add quote), this is more than enough for correct rounding to all rounding modes.

In progress: Adding detail documentations about the algorithm.

Depend on: https://reviews.llvm.org/D136799

Reviewed By: zimmermann6

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D139846