C API: functions to get mask of a ShuffleVector

This commit fixes a regression (from LLVM 10 to LLVM 11 RC3) in the LLVM
C API.

Previously, commit 1ee6ec2b removed the mask operand from the
ShuffleVector instruction, storing the mask data separately in the
instruction instead; this reduced the number of operands of
ShuffleVector from 3 to 2. AFAICT, this change unintentionally caused
a regression in the LLVM C API. Specifically, it is no longer possible
to get the mask of a ShuffleVector instruction through the C API. This
patch introduces new functions which together allow a C API user to get
the mask of a ShuffleVector instruction, restoring the functionality
which was previously available through LLVMGetOperand().

This patch also adds tests for this change to the llvm-c-test
executable, which involved adding support for InsertElement,
ExtractElement, and ShuffleVector itself (as well as constant vectors)
to echo.cpp. Previously, vector operations weren't tested at all in
echo.ll.

I also fixed some ...