[clang] Add tests for DRs about inheriting constructors (#79981)

Covers CWG issues
[1150](https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/1150.html),
[1487](https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/1487.html),
[1567](https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/1567.html),
[1738](https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/1738.html),
[2273](https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/2273.html),
[2277](https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/2277.html),
[2356](https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/2356.html),
[2504](https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/2504.html).

On top of the wording in proposed resolutions,
[P0136R1](https://wg21.link/p0136r1) "Rewording inheriting constructors
(core issue 1941 et al)" is a very relevant paper.

Note that status for 1738 `sup P0136R1` is not officially recognized by
CWG, but saying `yes` or `no` seems even more confusing to me. Official
resolution is to reject certain code, but Clang is the only
implementation that still rejects it to this day:
https://godbolt.org/z/b1W8jc1o5. GCC rejected it until 9, now it's
accepted: https://godbolt.org/z/of6oh4sdT