[SPIR-V] Add validation to the test case with get_image_array_size/get_image_dim calls (#94467)

This PR is to add validation to the test case with
get_image_array_size/get_image_dim calls
(transcoding/check_ro_qualifier.ll). This test case didn't pass
validation because of invalid emission of OpCompositeExtract instruction
(Result Type must be the same type as Composite.).

In order to fix the problem this PR improves type inference in general
and partially addresses issues:
* https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/91998
* https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/91997

A reproducer from the description of the latter issue is added as a new
test case as a part of this PR.