[libc++][NFC] Refactor return type enable_ifs to defaulted template arguments

This brings most of the enable_ifs in libc++ to the same style. It also has the nice side-effect of reducing the size of names of these symbols, since the depedent return type is shorter.

Reviewed By: #libc, ldionne

Spies: ldionne, libcxx-commits

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D157736