Reapply [Verifier] Sanity check alloca size against DILocalVariable fragment size

Reapply after fixing a clang bug this exposed in D158972 and
adjusting a number of tests that failed for 32-bit targets.

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Add a check that the DILocalVariable fragment size in dbg.declare
does not exceed the size of the alloca.

This would have caught the invalid debuginfo regenerated by rustc
in https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/64149.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D158743