[mlir][Index] Implement InferIntRangeInterface

Implement InferIntRangeInterface for all operations in the Index dialect. The
inference implementation, unlike the one for Arith, accounts for the
fact that Index can be either 64 or 32 bits long by evaluating both
cases. Bounds are stored as if index were i64, but when inferring new
bounds, we compute both f(...) and f(trunc(...)). We then compare
trunc(f(...)) to f(trunc(...)). If they are equal in the relevant
range components, we use the 64-bit range computation, otherwise we
give the range ext(f(trunc(...))) union f(...).

Note that this can cause surprising behavior as seen in the tests,
where, for example, the order of min and max operations impacts the
behavior of the inference. The inference could perhaps be made more
precise in the future (ex. by tracking 32 and 64-bit results
separately and having them influence each other somehow) butt, since
my project targets an index=i32 platform and doesn't see index-valued
values > uint32_max, I'm not too concerned about it.

Depends on https://reviews.llvm.org/D141299

Depends on https://reviews.llvm.org/D141296

Reviewed By: Mogball

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D140899