[libc][math] Implement double precision exp function correctly rounded for all rounding modes.

Implement double precision exp function correctly rounded for all
rounding modes.  Using 4 stages:
- Range reduction: reduce to `exp(x) = 2^hi * 2^mid1 * 2^mid2 * exp(lo)`.
- Use 64 + 64 LUT for 2^mid1 and 2^mid2, and use cubic Taylor polynomial to
approximate `(exp(lo) - 1) / lo` in double precision.  Relative error in this
step is bounded by 1.5 * 2^-63.
- If the rounding test fails, use degree-6 Taylor polynomial to approximate
`exp(lo)` in double-double precision.  Relative error in this step is bounded by
2^-99.
- If the rounding test still fails, use degree-7 Taylor polynomial to compute
`exp(lo)` in ~128-bit precision.

Reviewed By: zimmermann6

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D158551