[lldb] Guarantee the lifetimes of all strings returned from SBAPI

LLDB should guarantee that the strings returned by SBAPI methods
live forever. I went through every method that returns a string and made
sure that it was added to the ConstString StringPool before returning if
it wasn't obvious that it was already doing so.
I've also updated the docs to document this behavior.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D150804