[flang] Fix parsing time explosion (#76533)

When parsing a deeply-nested expression like
  A1(A2(A3(A4(A5(A6(...A99(i)...))))))
the parser can get into an exponential state due to the need to consider
the possibility that each "An(...)" might be the beginning of a
reference to a procedure component ("An(...)%PROC(...)") so that
alternative has to be attempted first before proceeding to try parsing
"An(...)" as a function reference or as an array element designator. The
parser for a structure component, which is used by the procedure
designator parser, was not protected with the usual failure memoization
technique, leading to exponentially bad behavior parsing a deeply-nested
expression. Fix by exploiting the instrumented() parser combinator so
that failed structure component parsers aren't repeated.

Fixes https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/76477.