[clangd] Store paths as requested in PreambleStatCache

Underlying FS can store different file names inside the stat response
(e.g. symlinks resolved, absolute paths, dots removed). But we store path names
as requested inside the preamble,
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/main/clang/lib/Serialization/ASTWriter.cpp#L1635.

This improves cache hit rates from ~30% to 90% in a build system that uses
symlinks.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D151185