[libc] fix clang-tidy llvm-header-guard warnings (#82679)

Towards the goal of getting `ninja libc-lint` back to green, fix the numerous
instances of:

    warning: header guard does not follow preferred style [llvm-header-guard]

This is because many of our header guards start with `__LLVM` rather than
`LLVM`.

To filter just these warnings:

    $ ninja -k2000 libc-lint 2>&1 | grep llvm-header-guard

To automatically apply fixits:

    $ find libc/src libc/include libc/test -name \*.h | \
        xargs -n1 -I {} clang-tidy {} -p build/compile_commands.json \
        -checks='-*,llvm-header-guard' --fix --quiet

Some manual cleanup is still necessary as headers that were missing header
guards outright will have them inserted before the license block (we prefer
them after).