[mlir][affine] Fix dim index out of bounds crash (#73266)

This PR suggests a way to fix
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/70418. It now throws an
error if the `index` operand for `memref.dim` is out of bounds. Catching
it in the verifier was not possible because the constant value is not
yet available at that point. Unfortunately, the error is not very
descriptive since it was only possible to propagate boolean up.