[AMDGPU] Accept arbitrary sized sources in CalculateByteProvider (#70240)

Reland the original patch with additional commit containing fix for two
issues:

1. Attempting to bitcast using MVTs with no corresponding LLVM type.
getDWordFromOffset now works directly with the original vector to get
the corresponding elements given the DWordOffset.
2. Improper bit tracking in CalculateByteProvider for vector types using
certain ops. Previously, bit tracking for certain ops (e.g.
ISD::TRUNCATE) assumed operands were scalar types, which is not correct
since these ops have different semantics depending on vector / scalar.
CalculateByteProvider / CalculateSrcByte now exit on vector types,
handling which is a TODO.