[DebugInfo] Report errors when DWARFUnitHeader::applyIndexEntry fails (#89156)

Motivation: LLDB is able to report errors about these scenarios whereas
LLVM's DWARF parser only gives a boolean success/fail. I want to migrate
LLDB to using LLVM's DWARFUnitHeader class, but I don't want to lose
some of the error reporting, so I'm adding it to the LLVM class first.